As the Editorial of the Special Issue ‘Becoming a Gender Equity Democracy: Women and Architecture Practice in Spain and Portugal’, this text aims to briefly present this panorama to appreciate the particularities of Portugal and Spain in relation with the delay incorporation of women to the architecture profession. In both countries, located side-by-side in the Western end of Southern Europe, democracy was finally established, marking a turning point in the liberties of all Iberian citizens, but especially in regard to women’s life and work. Portugal and Spain suffered deep social, cultural and political changes, with Salazar’s and Franco’s Totalitarian Regimes ending in 19 respectively. The 1970s was a key decade in the path towards democracy in the Iberian Peninsula. This paper not only seeks to outline a perspective on these women, but also tries to understand the context of their work by presenting two case-studies in the late in the late period of Portuguese Colonisation: Maria Carlota Quintanilha and Maria Emilia Caria.
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The women architects that follow the husbands in their African emigration often ended up having the opportunities to work in their professional field partly due to the lack of qualified technicians, and to the high demand of commissions. Among those who were emancipated from this pattern, the majority worked in familiar partnerships, regarded as an extension of marriage. To the ones that risked prosecution for working outside the family, the option of jobs associated with the feminine universe, such as teaching, was privileged. Most were absorbed by the commonly feminine roles, resulting from marriage and from the ideal of family promoted by the Estado Novo dictatorship. Of those who could graduate, few actually worked as architects. During the 1950s, the presence of women in the metropolitan schools of architecture was reduced. How did women architects shape a modern world in the late period of Portuguese colonial Africa, just before the Carnation Revolution? The specific role of women in Portugal working in colonial African architectural culture has now started to be addressed by Portuguese and Lusophone-African historiography. Some of these architect-researchers occupied leading positions in the edition of the J-A and/or participated in the publication of articles on the exercise of the profession. The collection of oral testimonies from some of the leading architect-researchers who once worked at the Portuguese National Laboratory for Civil Engineering - the first public institution that, since the early 1960s, brought together in the same campus several professionals to research engineering and architecture themes - served as a complement to this study. Considered a fundamental repository for the analysis of the main themes discussed in Portugal, the scrutiny of the articles published in J-A allows, today, to gather considerations to deal with the still complex relationship between the practice and theory of Architecture. In the last twenty years of the 20th century, who focused on the practice of the profession of architect? Given the number of architects in Portugal, do they publicly recognize the importance of research as a support for the project activity? Methodologically, the study is based on the analysis of the Portuguese magazine Jornal Arquitectos (J-A, 1981-2000), namely in the identification of the main articles about architecture practice and in their reflection about research.
This article discusses how research has been approached as a foundation for a more complete practice of this profession.
Since the beginning of the 20th century that, in Portugal, the definition and recognition of the architect's role is a concern of the class.
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